---
title: "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms"
description: "A phylogenetic analysis based upon ribosomal RNA sequence characterization reveals that living systems represent one of three aboriginal lines of descent: ( i ) the eubacteria, comprising all typical bacteria; ( ii ) the archaebacteria, containing methanogenic bacteria; and ( iii ) the urkaryotes, now represented in…"
datePublished: "1977-11-01"
lastmod: "2026-10-09T09:44:17+00:00"
authors:
  - "Carl R. Woese"
  - "George E. Fox"
journal: "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"
publisher: "National Academy of Sciences"
doi: "10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088"
publicationType: "journal-article"
schemaType: "ScholarlyArticle"
volume: "74"
issue: "11"
pages: "5088-5090"
language: "en-GB"
slug: "10.1073-pnas.74.11.5088"
---

# Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms

**Authors:** Carl R. Woese, George E. Fox  
**Journal:** Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  
**Publisher:** National Academy of Sciences  
**Published:** 1977-11-01  
**Volume:** 74  
**Issue:** 11  
**Pages:** 5088-5090  
**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088](https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088)

## Abstract

A phylogenetic analysis based upon ribosomal RNA sequence characterization reveals that living systems represent one of three aboriginal lines of descent: ( i ) the eubacteria, comprising all typical bacteria; ( ii ) the archaebacteria, containing methanogenic bacteria; and ( iii ) the urkaryotes, now represented in the cytoplasmic component of eukaryotic cells.

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